Economy Of South Africa Economics Essay

Economy Of South Africa Economics Essay South Africas economy is the largest in Africa and is 24 of its GDP in terms of PPP.A quarter of the population is unemployed and real unemployment rate is 40. South Africa has a comparative advantage in agriculture, mining and various manufacturing products. It has shifted from a primary and secondary economy to an economy driven primarily by the tertiary sector which accounts for an estimated 65% of GDP. Its economy is reasonably diversified with key economic sectors including mining, agriculture and fishery, vehicle manufacturing and assembly, food-processing, clothing and textiles, telecommunication, energy, financial and business services, real estate, tourism, transportation, and wholesale and retail trade. The unemployment rate is over 25%, and the poor have limited access to economic opportunities. Including this many issues such as crime, have in turn hurt investment and growth, having a negative effect on employment. Crime is considered a major constraint on investment. South Africa has struggled through the late 2000s recession, and the recovery has been largely led by private and public consumption growth, while export volumes and private investment have yet to fully recover. The long-term potential growth rate of South Africa under the current policy environment has been estimated at 3.5%.Per capita GDP growth has proved mediocre, though improving, growing by 2.2% over the 2000-09 decade. This is a table of the trend of South Africas gross domestic product at market prices estimated by the  International Monetary Fund: Year GDP, USD bln US Dollar Exchange in early January Unemployment rate Per Capita Income,  % of USA 1980 80.547 0.8267 Rand 9.2 22.6 1985 57.273 2.0052 Rand 15.5 9.8 1990 111.998 2.5419 Rand 18.8 13.1 1995 151.117 3.5486 Rand 16.7 13.2 2000 132.964 6.1188 Rand 25.6 8.5 2005 246.956 5.6497 Rand 26.7 12.4 2010 363.655 7.462 Rand 24.9 15.5 2015 (fcast) 510.937 22.8 18.0 Economic overview of South Africa (Sector wise) Natural resources Mining has been the main driving force behind the history and development of Africas most advanced and richest economy. Large scale mining started with the discovery of a diamond on the banks of the Orange River in 1867 by Erasmus Jacobs and the subsequent discovery and exploitation of the Kimberley pipes. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the subsequent rapid development of the gold field are the biggest of all. Though minings contribution to the national GDP has fallen from 21% in 1970 to 6% in 2011, it represents 60% of exports. The mining sector accounts for up to 9% of value added. In 2008, the countrys estimated share of world platinum production amounted to 77%; kyanite and other materials, 55%; chromium, 45%; palladium, 39%; vermiculite, 39%; vanadium, 38%; zirconium, 30%; manganese, 21%; rutile, 20%; ilmenite, 19%; gold etc. It also accounted for nearly 5% of the worlds polished diamond production. The countrys share of world reserves of platinum metals amounted to 89%; hafnium, 46%; zirconium, 27%; vanadium, 23%; manganese, 19%; rutile, 18%; fluorspar, 18%. It is worlds third largest exporter of coal. Agriculture and food processing The agricultural industry contributes 10% of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts, as well as providing work for laborers and contributing 2.6% of GDP. Due to the aridity of the land, only 13.5% can be used for crop production. Agriculture sector face problems of increased foreign competition and crime. Maize production, which contributes to a 36% has also experienced negative effects due to climate change. South Africas critical exports include edible fruit and nuts, beverages, preserved food, tobacco, cereals, wool , miscellaneous food, sugar, meat, milling products and starch. Important imports include: cereals, meat, soya-bean oil cake, soya-bean oil and its fractions, tobacco, palm oil and its fractions, spices, coffee, tea, and preserved food. The competitive pressures from China and India resulted in decline of exports for the food, textiles and paper sub-sectors. Manufacturing The manufacturing industry contributes just 13.3% of jobs and 15% of GDP. Labor costs are low, and the cost of the transport, communications and general living is higher. The automotive industry is about 10% of South Africas manufacturing exports, contributes 7.5% to the countrys GDP. BMW, Ford, Volkswagen, Daimler-Chrysler, General Motors and Toyota all have production plants in South Africa and the large component manufacturers are Arvin Exhaust, Bloxwitch, Corning and Senior Flexonics. Companies producing in South Africa can take advantage of low production costs and access to new markets due to trade agreements with the European Union and the Southern African Development Community. Service industry Telecommunications infrastructure provides efficient service to urban areas as to cellular and internet services. In 1997, Telkom, was partly privatised and entered into a strategic equity partnership with SBC, a U.S. telecommunications company. In exchange of providing certain services for 5 years, Telkom assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernisation and expansion into the unserved areas. Five companies provides service to 20 million subscribers and South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide. Business process outsourcing South Africa and particularly the Cape Town region established itself as a successful Call center and business process outsourcing destination with a highly talented pool of productive labor. The Carphone warehouse, Delta airlines and others have established inbound call centers within Cape Town as a means of utilizing Cape Towns low labor costs and talented labor. Tourism South Africa is a popular tourist destination, with around 860,000 arrivals per month. Revenue equaling between 1% and 3% of GDP is generated by the tourism industry. Among the main attractions are the picturesque culture, the game reserves and local wines. Financial services The country has a sophisticated financial structure with the JSE Securities Exchange, a large and active stock exchange in terms of total market capitalization as of March 2009. The banking industry regulated by the South African Reserve Bank is dominated by four local players: Nedbank, ABSA, Standard Bank and First Rand. Banks operating in South Africa, when left with short of liquidity, need to borrow from the SARB at a fluctuating repo rate. Income Distribution South Africa is affected by vast differences in incomes and wealth. The high level of overall income inequality has accentuated: the countrys Gini coefficient increased by four percentage points, and income has concentrated in the top decile. Rural poverty rates remain higher than those in urban areas, urban poverty rates are rising and rural rates seem to be falling. Between-race inequality also remains a central issue and many blacks in the country still live in poverty. National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) data suggests that 47% of South Africans live below the poverty line: 56% of blacks live in poverty compared to 2% of whites. Human Poverty Index ranked South Africa 85 out of 135 countries. A 2011 study published by the University of Cape Town found that nearly 40% are black, where this group had once been almost exclusively white. While only 29% of the absolute wealthiest South Africans are black, this jumps to 50% among the entry-level. Current Economic scenario Trends: Monetary Policy   The primary objective of monetary policy in the country is to achieve and maintain price stability and balanced economic development. Price stability reduces uncertainty and therefore, provides a favourable environment for growth and employment. Moreover low inflation contributes to the protection of the purchasing power of all South Africans specially poor. The Bank has full operational autonomy. Monetary policy is set by the Banks Monetary Policy Committee,  which conducts monetary policy within a flexible  inflation-targeting framework and  it allows for inflation to be out of the target range as a result of first-round effects of a supply shock. This flexibility does not relieve the Bank of its responsibility with respect to returning inflation to within the target range but allows for interest rate smoothing over the cycle. GDP Growth Rate of South Africa GDP % (Yearly) Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 GDP % 0.6 3 2.6 3 1.9 3.5 4.9 5 5.1 3.1 -1.8 2.8 3.1 Inflation Rate of South Africa Inflation rate (consumer prices) (%) Year 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Inflation rate 5.5 5.3 5.8 9.9 5.9 4.5 4 5 6.5 11.3 7.2 4.5 5 Unemployment Rate of South Africa Unemployment rate (%) Year 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Unemployment rate (%) 30 30 37 37 26.2 26.6 25.5 24.3 22.9 24 23.3 24.9 Imports of South Africa Imports (Billion $) Year 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Imports 26 27.6 28.1 26.6 33.89 39.42 52.97 61.53 90.57 66.01 77.04 102.6 Exports of South Africa Exports (Billion $) Year 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Export 28 30.8 32.3 31.8 36.77 41.97 50.91 59.15 86.12 66.54 76.86 104.5 Foreign Exchange rates in South Africa (Dec., 2012) Tthe comparison of South African rand with top ten countries as per trade. South African Rand 1.00 ZAR inv. 1.00 ZAR Euro 0.087595 11.416206 US Dollar 0.114545 8.730185 British Pound 0.071077 14.06928 Indian Rupee 6.204247 0.16118 Australian Dollar 0.109217 9.156089 Canadian Dollar 0.11348 8.8121 Emirati Dirham 0.420736 2.37679 Swiss Franc 0.106176 9.418325 Chinese Yuan Renminbi 0.71349 1.401561 Malaysian Ringgit 0.349072 2.864742 foreign Direct investment Foreign direct investment flows to South Africa from 43.6% in the first half of 2012 compared to the same period last year, while FDI rose by 5%. The decline in FDI to Africas biggest economy came amid an 8% drop in global FDI inflows because of heightened global economic uncertainty. The report said FDI inflows to South Africa fell to $1.7-billion in the first six months of 2012 , reflecting sluggish domestic economic growth as well as a slowdown in developed economies. The IMF forecasts South African GDP growth of 2.6% this year, and recently cut its 2013 growth forecast to 3% from a July projection of 3.3%, due to its close links to struggling Europe. The IMF has also trimmed its 2012 forecast for Africa to 5% from 5.4% but raised its projection for 2013 to 5.7% from 5.3%. SOUTH AFRICA BALANCE OF TRADE C:UsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-balance-of-trade.png SOUTH AFRICA INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION C:UsersMicrosenseDesktopsouth-africa-industrial-production.png Industrial Production in South Africa increased 2.50 percent in October of 2012 over the same month in the previous year. Industrial Production in South Africa is reported by the Statistics South Africa. In South Africa, industrial production measures the output of businesses integrated in industrial sector of the economy such as manufacturing, mining, and utilities.

How Money and Appearance Control the World Essay

This is an often discussed topic but I want to talk about both sides ,the supeficial and material Barbie and those who only care about the qualities ,because I can’t decide which side is better and can find both worlds deep in myself. I know judging is a bad thing but most of the people is judging and they just don’t want to admit it. I don’t want to start a debate but I think I need to write this down. I want to start with the supeficial and material people. I classify more and more people to this group. A lot of people say that it’s the society’s mistake, but we are part of the society so when they say this satement it like blaming ourselves, but I know those people who started living their life in a superficial way are part of the society either. We have to care about our body that’s why we have it. I’m not saying that everybody have to be a supermodel with sky-high legs and panther body, but compared to the possibility of everyone should bring out the best of himself or herself. Grooming, dressing sophisticated, stylish and sophisticated look, sport and healthy living†¦ The outside affects the inside and the look has its expressive power. I think that’s enough of the superficiality but I didn’t really talk about the money and what these people think about it. It’ll be weird what I want to say but I think it’s true. It’s better to be rich when you’re superficial. I know it sounds terrible but if someone cannot afford designer clothes and jewellery it can make him or her depression. I know some people like that. They live according to the bigger the better principle, exept clothes. The bigger house, the better car, the remote holiday the valnuable you are. Some of them do things just because these hobbies are make them look richer. I can say that money controls the world. I think that’s enough of this kind of living,but I’m not saying having thousands of clothes, millions and houses in different countries but have no emotions is the life that everybody wants to have but a lot of people is dreaming about a life like that until they find out what it’s like live like when only money can make you smile. Let’s see the other side.These people say that appearance is nothing and only the inside is important. I can partly agree with them, but sometimes they don’t care about their appearance at all. And this is not appealing to me. I think a quote is really needed here.†I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.†I think judging someone by the color of their skin is uncool. And it’s really unfair not to employ someone because he or she is afro-american or came from another country. I also hate stereotypes like chinesee people are like calculators and they eat cats. And this was just one from the hundreds. Some researches proved some interesting facts like blodies get paid more but fat people get less money. If you’re handsome you’re handsomely paid. Nowadays more and more songs and books are about superficial and selfish girls. A classical song about these boys and girls is:Shania Twain: Don’t impress me so much. I think this song expressess all those things that these people think. She says that you don’t need to have a lot of money to get her. I agree with her and those people who think you don’t need to be rich and famous,you should be kind and nice to find a girl. A lot of women are trying to find Prince Charming but he dosen’t exist. I think I wrote enough about both sides and I wrote things which are not insulting. I think there could be a third group in which there are people like I, who can’t decide, who thinks both sides have it’s advanteges and disadvantages. The best thing you can do is be who you are.

Winter Wonderland

Winter Wonderland I wake up to the sun heating my cold feet under my warm fuzzy blanket. The room is filled with silence as I slide out of the coziness of my covers to look outside the window. To my delightful surprise, tiny ice crystals are falling from the sky creating a white blanket on the world. In a hurry, I put on my thick heavy jacket, slide on my hefty boots, and dress my hands with my favourite waterproof gloves. I rush onto my snow-covered yard, thinking that my favourite season, winter, is finally here.With the grace of snowfall, this winter will be beautiful to look upon, fun to play within, and fills your heart with warmth. A fresh scent of pine fills the air as the bright snow gently lands on the tip of your nose. The sight of every white pine tree around you takes your breath away. Sunlight sits in the horizon while cotton-like snow falls from the sky creating random patterns. The sun beams through the snow creating sparkles like a diamond. The true beauty of nature i s only evident when the world turns into this wintery paradise. Being surrounded by pure beauty makes me feel alive.Along with its beauty, the snow creates a festival of fun. Snow crunches under my feet when I run across the fields of white fluff. The sound of screaming kids buzzes through my ear as they make their way down slippery slopes. When you pick a hand full of snow, the warmth in your gloves prevent your hands from freezing. The cold snow crunches between your gloves as you shape it into a ball. When you snowboard down the steep hill you can feel the cool wind cresting against you. Your hair dances along your cold face and the snow slushes beneath you.Every moment in the comfort of this white snowy blanket is a moment to remember. When you finally get tired of all that fun, you run inside to a steaming cup of hot chocolate mixed with big marshmallows resting upon its surface. The aroma of the hot chocolate is like a breeze of fresh air. You can feel the warmth filling your throat. Your heart is filled with the same warmth and kindness as you comfort your hands with the heat from the sparkling fire. Snow is a blessing from heaven that completes winter. The beauty of snow sparkles in everyone eyes.Outside, you see everyone laughing and playing in the scenery of snow. Indoors, the sound of the crackling fire and the sipping of hot chocolate echoes through the room. With the grace of snowfall, this winter was beautiful to look upon, fun to play within, and filled my heart with warmth. Rippan Brar English 10 Winter Wonderland I. Introduction A. Snowy mornings give you the best feeling. B. Thesis: Snow completes winter because it's beautiful, fun, and fills you with warmth.II. Snow is beautiful. A. You can see blankets of snow. B. The smell of pine is fresh. C. Snow is pure beauty. III. Snow is fun. A. Snowballs B. Snowboarding C. Sleighing IV. Snow fills you with warmth. A. The are different ways to rest after playing in the snow. B. Hot chocolate smells, tastes, and feels good. C. Heart is filled with warmth V. Conclusion A. Snow is a blessing from heaven. B. Snow changes what you do inside and outside. C. Restate Thesis: Winter is incomplete without snow because snow is beautiful, fun, and fills you with warmth.

Music Loves Fashion Essay - 1190 Words

| Music Loves Fashion | | | Emily Poe, Nina Martinez, Josh Sandoval | 4/5/2011 | Research showing that in today’s society music has a big influence on what people choice to wear. We conducted surveys and distributed them though different web facilities. We asked people â€Å"How does Country/ Hip-Hop influences your fashion? â€Å" | Nina Martinez Emily Poe Josh Sandoval Music Loves Fashion History shows that music influences society with the choices we make regarding clothing fashion, fads and styles. A wide range of fashion styles appear in music videos and music award programs. Everything that the music industry embodies can cause lasting effects on the people who listen to it. Additionally, music can cause many†¦show more content†¦The group leader and editor of the final draft became Nina’s job. The group assigned Emily secondary editor, the graphics layout artist and production manager. Josh worked in finding research that would help assist us in our project. Doing the research this way helped to find more information and combine our ideas more efficiently and equally. Our group could all agree on wanting to find the similarities between music and fashion. We chose to narrow the topic down and ask people, â€Å"How does country and hip-hop music influence your fashion?† In order to find this information, we included thirteen questi ons in the survey. They ranged from gender, ethnicity, age, education level, to favorite genre of music. The group wanted to establish any influences that music might have on fashion. We hoped our questions would expose us to a wide range of people and their opinions about music. The key elements that we needed to establish became how many and what group of people music influenced most on their fashion choices. Distributing the surveys using an online free survey maker, we each posted it on Facebook, MySpace, and Blackboard. 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